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The clinical features of primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are venous or arterial occlusions or certain pregnancy complications. Laboratory criteria include the identification of at least one of the following three antiphospholipid antibodies: IgG or IgM anti-cardiolipin, IgG or IgM antibodies…
SLE is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder characterized by autoantibodies to nuclear antigens. It can affect multiple organ systems. Many of its clinical manifestations are secondary to the trapping of antigen-antibody complexes in capillaries of visceral structures or to autoantibody-mediated destruction…
Still disease is a systemic form of juvenile chronic arthritis in which high spiking fevers are much more prominent, especially at the outset, than arthritis. This rare syndrome also occurs in adults. Most adults are in their 20s or 30s;…
Gouty Arthritis Gout is a metabolic disease of a heterogeneous nature, often familial, associated with abnormal deposits of urate in tissues and characterized initially by a recurring acute arthritis, usually monoarticular, and later by chronic deforming arthritis. Urate deposition occurs…
Osteoarthritis, the most common form of joint disease, is chiefly a disease of aging. Ninety percent of all people have radiographic features of osteoarthritis in weight-bearing joints by age 40. Symptomatic disease increases with age. Sex is also a risk…
Diagnosis and Evaluation of Rheumatologic Disorders Physical Examination Two helpful clinical clues for diagnosing arthritis are the joint pattern and the presence or absence of extra-articular manifestations. The joint pattern is defined by the answers to three questions: (1) Is…
Primary immunologic deficiency diseases are estimated to affect 1 in 4000 individuals; most are genetically determined and present in early childhood. Nonetheless, several important immunodeficiency disorders present in adulthood, most notably the antibody deficiency syndromes: selective IgA deficiency, common variable…
Drug Exanthems The clinical manifestation of drug exanthems is vast, ranging from common morbilliform rashes to severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) (eg, Stevens-Johnson syndrome [SJS]/toxic epidermal necrolysis [TEN], drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms [DRESS], acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis…
Food Allergy Clinical Findings Immediate hypersensitivity IgE-mediated allergic reactions to foods commonly occur within 2 hours of ingestion and are much less common in adults as a de novo food allergy than in children. Typical reactions include a combination of…